33. Internet Protocol (IP) Pipeline Application

33.2.1. Rapid development

This application enables rapid development through quick connectivity of standard components called pipelines. These components are built using DPDK Packet Framework and encapsulate packet processing features at different levels: ports, tables, actions, pipelines and complete applications.

Pipeline instances are instantiated, configured and inter-connected through low complexity configuration files loaded during application initialization. Each pipeline instance is mapped to a single CPU core, with each CPU core able to run one or multiple pipeline instances of same or different types. By loading a different configuration file, a different application is effectively started.

33.2.2. Flexibility

Each packet processing application is typically represented as a chain of functional stages which is often called the functional pipeline of the application. These stages are mapped to CPU cores to create chains of CPU cores (pipeline model), clusters of CPU cores (run-to-completion model) or chains of clusters of CPU cores (hybrid model).

This application allows all the above programming models. By applying changes to the configuration file, the application provides the flexibility to reshuffle its building blocks in different ways until the configuration providing the best performance is identified.

33.2.2.1. Move pipelines around

The mapping of pipeline instances to CPU cores can be reshuffled through the configuration file. One or several pipeline instances can be mapped to the same CPU core.

Fig. 33.1 Example of moving pipeline instances across different CPU cores

33.2.2.2. Move tables around

There is some degree of flexibility for moving tables from one pipeline instance to another. Based on the configuration arguments passed to each pipeline instance in the configuration file, specific tables can be enabled or disabled. This way, a specific table can be “moved” from pipeline instance A to pipeline instance B by simply disabling its associated functionality for pipeline instance A while enabling it for pipeline instance B.

Due to requirement to have simple syntax for the configuration file, moving tables across different pipeline instances is not as flexible as the mapping of pipeline instances to CPU cores, or mapping actions to pipeline tables. Complete flexibility in moving tables from one pipeline to another could be achieved through a complex pipeline description language that would detail the structural elements of the pipeline (ports, tables and actions) and their connectivity, resulting in complex syntax for the configuration file, which is not acceptable. Good configuration file readability through simple syntax is preferred.

Example: the IP routing pipeline can run the routing function only (with ARP function run by a different pipeline instance), or it can run both the routing and ARP functions as part of the same pipeline instance.

Fig. 33.2 Example of moving tables across different pipeline instances

33.2.2.3. Move actions around

When it makes sense, packet processing actions can be moved from one pipeline instance to another. Based on the configuration arguments passed to each pipeline instance in the configuration file, specific actions can be enabled or disabled. This way, a specific action can be “moved” from pipeline instance A to pipeline instance B by simply disabling its associated functionality for pipeline instance A while enabling it for pipeline instance B.

Example: The flow actions of accounting, traffic metering, application identification, NAT, etc can be run as part of the flow classification pipeline instance or split across several flow actions pipeline instances, depending on the number of flow instances and their compute requirements.

Fig. 33.3 Example of moving actions across different tables and pipeline instances

33.2.3. Performance

Performance of the application is the highest priority requirement. Flexibility is not provided at the expense of performance.

The purpose of flexibility is to provide an incremental development methodology that allows monitoring the performance evolution:

• Apply incremental changes in the configuration (e.g. mapping on pipeline instances to CPU cores) in order to identify the configuration providing the best performance for a given application;
• Add more processing incrementally (e.g. by enabling more actions for specific pipeline instances) until the application is feature complete while checking the performance impact at each step.

33.2.4. Debug capabilities

The application provides a significant set of debug capabilities:

• Command Line Interface (CLI) support for statistics polling: pipeline instance ping (keep-alive checks), pipeline instance statistics per input port/output port/table, link statistics, etc;
• Logging: Turn on/off application log messages based on priority level;

33.4.1. Configuration

During this stage, the application configuration file is parsed and its content is loaded into the application data structures. In case of any configuration file parse error, an error message is displayed and the application is terminated. Please refer to the Configuration file syntax for a description of the application configuration file format.

33.4.2. Configuration checking

In the absence of any parse errors, the loaded content of application data structures is checked for overall consistency. In case of any configuration check error, an error message is displayed and the application is terminated.

33.4.3. Initialization

During this stage, the application resources are initialized and the handles to access them are saved into the application data structures. In case of any initialization error, an error message is displayed and the application is terminated.

The typical resources to be initialized are: pipeline instances, buffer pools, links (i.e. network interfaces), hardware device RX/TX queues, software queues, traffic management devices, etc.

33.4.4. Run-time

Each CPU core runs the pipeline instances assigned to it in time sharing mode and in round robin order:

1. Packet processing task: The pipeline run-time code is typically a packet processing task built on top of DPDK Packet Framework rte_pipeline library, which reads bursts of packets from the pipeline input ports, performs table lookups and executes the identified actions for all tables in the pipeline, with packet eventually written to pipeline output ports or dropped.
2. Message handling task: Each CPU core will also periodically execute the message handling code of each of the pipelines mapped to it. The pipeline message handling code is processing the messages that are pending in the pipeline input message queues, which are typically sent by the master CPU core for the on-the-fly pipeline configuration: check that pipeline is still alive (ping), add/delete entries in the pipeline tables, get statistics, etc. The frequency of executing the message handling code is usually much smaller than the frequency of executing the packet processing work.

Please refer to the PIPELINE section for more details about the application pipeline module encapsulation.

33.5.1. Syntax overview

The syntax of the configuration file is designed to be simple, which favors readability. The configuration file is parsed using the DPDK library librte_cfgfile, which supports simple INI file format for configuration files.

As result, the configuration file is split into several sections, with each section containing one or more entries. The scope of each entry is its section, and each entry specifies a variable that is assigned a specific value. Any text after the ; character is considered a comment and is therefore ignored.

The following are application specific: number of sections, name of each section, number of entries of each section, name of the variables used for each section entry, the value format (e.g. signed/unsigned integer, string, etc) and range of each section entry variable.

Generic example of configuration file section:

[<section_name>]

<variable_name_1> = <value_1>

; ...

<variable_name_N> = <value_N>

33.5.2. Application resources present in the configuration file

LINK instances are created implicitly based on the PORT_MASK application startup argument. LINK0 is the first port enabled in the PORT_MASK, port 1 is the next one, etc. The LINK ID is different than the DPDK PMD-level NIC port ID, which is the actual position in the bitmask mentioned above. For example, if bit 5 is the first bit set in the bitmask, then LINK0 is having the PMD ID of 5. This mechanism creates a contiguous LINK ID space and isolates the configuration file against changes in the board PCIe slots where NICs are plugged in.

RXQ, TXQ, TM and KNI instances have the LINK ID as part of their name. For example, RXQ2.1, TXQ2.1 and TM2 are all associated with LINK2.

33.5.3. Rules to parse the configuration file

The main rules used to parse the configuration file are:

1. Application resource name determines the type of resource based on the name prefix.

   Example: all software queues need to start with SWQ prefix, so SWQ0 and SWQ5 are valid software queue names.

2. An application resource is defined by creating a configuration file section with its name. The configuration file section allows fine tuning on any of the resource parameters. Some resource parameters are mandatory, in which case it is required to have them specified as part of the section, while some others are optional, in which case they get assigned their default value when not present.

   Example: section SWQ0 defines a software queue named SWQ0, whose parameters are detailed as part of this section.

3. An application resource can also be defined by referencing it. Referencing a resource takes place by simply using its name as part of the value assigned to a variable in any configuration file section. In this case, the resource is registered with all its parameters having their default values. Optionally, a section with the resource name can be added to the configuration file to fine tune some or all of the resource parameters.

   Example: in section PIPELINE3, variable pktq_in includes SWQ5 as part of its list, which results in defining a software queue named SWQ5; when there is no SWQ5 section present in the configuration file, SWQ5 gets registered with default parameters.

33.5.4. PIPELINE section

<CPU core> ::= [s|S<CPU socket ID>][c|C]<CPU core ID>[h|H]

CPU socket 0, core 0, hyper-thread 0: 0, c0, s0c0

CPU socket 0, core 0, hyper-thread 1: 0h, c0h, s0c0h

CPU socket 3, core 9, hyper-thread 1: s3c9h

33.5.5. MEMPOOL section

33.5.6. LINK section

33.5.7. RXQ section

33.5.8. TXQ section

33.5.9. SWQ section

33.5.10. TM section

33.5.11. KNI section

33.5.12. SOURCE section

33.5.13. SINK section

Currently, there are no parameters to be passed to a sink device, so SINK section is not allowed.

33.5.14. MSGQ section

33.5.15. EAL section

The application generates the EAL parameters rather than reading them from the command line.

The CPU core mask parameter is generated based on the core entry of all PIPELINE sections. All the other EAL parameters can be set from this section of the application configuration file.

33.6.1. Pipeline module

A pipeline is a self-contained module that implements a packet processing function and is typically implemented on top of the DPDK Packet Framework librte_pipeline library. The application provides a run-time mechanism to register different pipeline types.

Depending on the required configuration, each registered pipeline type (pipeline class) is instantiated one or several times, with each pipeline instance (pipeline object) assigned to one of the available CPU cores. Each CPU core can run one or more pipeline instances, which might be of same or different types. For more information of the CPU core threading model, please refer to the Run-time section.

; struct app_pkt_metadata {
;   uint32_t ip_da;
;      uint32_t hash;
;      uint32_t flow_id;
;      uint32_t color;
; } __attribute__((__packed__));
;

[PIPELINE1]
; Packet meta-data offsets
ip_da_offset = 0;   Used by: routing
hash_offset = 4;    Used by: RX, flow classification
flow_id_offset = 8; Used by: flow classification, flow actions
color_offset = 12;  Used by: flow actions, routing

; struct app_pkt_metadata {
;     uint8_t headroom[RTE_PKTMBUF_HEADROOM]; /* 128 bytes (default) */
;     union {
;         struct {
;             struct ether_hdr ether; /* 14 bytes */
;             struct qinq_hdr qinq; /* 8 bytes */
;         };
;         struct {
;             uint32_t hash;
;             uint32_t flow_id;
;             uint32_t color;
;         };
;     };
;     struct ipv4_hdr ip; /* 20 bytes */
; } __attribute__((__packed__));
;
[PIPELINE2]
; Packet meta-data offsets
qinq_offset = 142;    Used by: RX, flow classification
ip_da_offset = 166;   Used by: routing
hash_offset = 128;    Used by: RX, flow classification
flow_id_offset = 132; Used by: flow classification, flow actions
color_offset = 136;   Used by: flow actions, routing

33.6.2. List of pipeline types

33.7.1. Global CLI commands

33.7.2. CLI commands for link configuration

33.7.3. CLI commands common for all pipeline types

33.7.4. Pipeline type specific CLI commands

The pipeline specific CLI commands are part of the pipeline type front-end.