5. Compiling and Running Sample Applications

The chapter describes how to compile and run applications in an DPDK environment. It also provides a pointer to where sample applications are stored.

Note

Parts of this process can also be done using the setup script described the Quick Start Setup Script section of this document.

5.1. Compiling a Sample Application

Once an DPDK target environment directory has been created (such as x86_64-native-linuxapp-gcc), it contains all libraries and header files required to build an application.

When compiling an application in the Linux* environment on the DPDK, the following variables must be exported:

  • RTE_SDK - Points to the DPDK installation directory.
  • RTE_TARGET - Points to the DPDK target environment directory.

The following is an example of creating the helloworld application, which runs in the DPDK Linux environment. This example may be found in the ${RTE_SDK}/examples directory.

The directory contains the main.c file. This file, when combined with the libraries in the DPDK target environment, calls the various functions to initialize the DPDK environment, then launches an entry point (dispatch application) for each core to be utilized. By default, the binary is generated in the build directory.

cd examples/helloworld/
export RTE_SDK=$HOME/DPDK
export RTE_TARGET=x86_64-native-linuxapp-gcc

make
    CC main.o
    LD helloworld
    INSTALL-APP helloworld
    INSTALL-MAP helloworld.map

ls build/app
    helloworld helloworld.map

Note

In the above example, helloworld was in the directory structure of the DPDK. However, it could have been located outside the directory structure to keep the DPDK structure intact. In the following case, the helloworld application is copied to a new directory as a new starting point.

export RTE_SDK=/home/user/DPDK
cp -r $(RTE_SDK)/examples/helloworld my_rte_app
cd my_rte_app/
export RTE_TARGET=x86_64-native-linuxapp-gcc

make
  CC main.o
  LD helloworld
  INSTALL-APP helloworld
  INSTALL-MAP helloworld.map

5.2. Running a Sample Application

Warning

Before running the application make sure:

  • Hugepages setup is done.
  • Any kernel driver being used is loaded.
  • In case needed, ports being used by the application should be bound to the corresponding kernel driver.

refer to Linux Drivers for more details.

The application is linked with the DPDK target environment’s Environmental Abstraction Layer (EAL) library, which provides some options that are generic to every DPDK application.

The following is the list of options that can be given to the EAL:

./rte-app [-c COREMASK | -l CORELIST] [-n NUM] [-b <domain:bus:devid.func>] \
          [--socket-mem=MB,...] [-d LIB.so|DIR] [-m MB] [-r NUM] [-v] [--file-prefix] \
          [--proc-type <primary|secondary|auto>]

The EAL options are as follows:

  • -c COREMASK or -l CORELIST: An hexadecimal bit mask of the cores to run on. Note that core numbering can change between platforms and should be determined beforehand. The corelist is a set of core numbers instead of a bitmap core mask.
  • -n NUM: Number of memory channels per processor socket.
  • -b <domain:bus:devid.func>: Blacklisting of ports; prevent EAL from using specified PCI device (multiple -b options are allowed).
  • --use-device: use the specified Ethernet device(s) only. Use comma-separate [domain:]bus:devid.func values. Cannot be used with -b option.
  • --socket-mem: Memory to allocate from hugepages on specific sockets. In dynamic memory mode, this memory will also be pinned (i.e. not released back to the system until application closes).
  • -d: Add a driver or driver directory to be loaded. The application should use this option to load the pmd drivers that are built as shared libraries.
  • -m MB: Memory to allocate from hugepages, regardless of processor socket. It is recommended that --socket-mem be used instead of this option.
  • -r NUM: Number of memory ranks.
  • -v: Display version information on startup.
  • --huge-dir: The directory where hugetlbfs is mounted.
  • mbuf-pool-ops-name: Pool ops name for mbuf to use.
  • --file-prefix: The prefix text used for hugepage filenames.
  • --proc-type: The type of process instance.
  • --vmware-tsc-map: Use VMware TSC map instead of native RDTSC.
  • --base-virtaddr: Specify base virtual address.
  • --vfio-intr: Specify interrupt type to be used by VFIO (has no effect if VFIO is not used).
  • --legacy-mem: Run DPDK in legacy memory mode (disable memory reserve/unreserve at runtime, but provide more IOVA-contiguous memory).
  • --single-file-segments: Store memory segments in fewer files (dynamic memory mode only - does not affect legacy memory mode).

The -c or -l and option is mandatory; the others are optional.

Copy the DPDK application binary to your target, then run the application as follows (assuming the platform has four memory channels per processor socket, and that cores 0-3 are present and are to be used for running the application):

./helloworld -l 0-3 -n 4

Note

The --proc-type and --file-prefix EAL options are used for running multiple DPDK processes. See the “Multi-process Sample Application” chapter in the DPDK Sample Applications User Guide and the DPDK Programmers Guide for more details.

5.2.1. Logical Core Use by Applications

The coremask (-c 0x0f) or corelist (-l 0-3) parameter is always mandatory for DPDK applications. Each bit of the mask corresponds to the equivalent logical core number as reported by Linux. The preferred corelist option is a cleaner method to define cores to be used. Since these logical core numbers, and their mapping to specific cores on specific NUMA sockets, can vary from platform to platform, it is recommended that the core layout for each platform be considered when choosing the coremask/corelist to use in each case.

On initialization of the EAL layer by an DPDK application, the logical cores to be used and their socket location are displayed. This information can also be determined for all cores on the system by examining the /proc/cpuinfo file, for example, by running cat /proc/cpuinfo. The physical id attribute listed for each processor indicates the CPU socket to which it belongs. This can be useful when using other processors to understand the mapping of the logical cores to the sockets.

Note

A more graphical view of the logical core layout may be obtained using the lstopo Linux utility. On Fedora Linux, this may be installed and run using the following command:

sudo yum install hwloc
./lstopo

Warning

The logical core layout can change between different board layouts and should be checked before selecting an application coremask/corelist.

5.2.2. Hugepage Memory Use by Applications

When running an application, it is recommended to use the same amount of memory as that allocated for hugepages. This is done automatically by the DPDK application at startup, if no -m or --socket-mem parameter is passed to it when run.

If more memory is requested by explicitly passing a -m or --socket-mem value, the application fails. However, the application itself can also fail if the user requests less memory than the reserved amount of hugepage-memory, particularly if using the -m option. The reason is as follows. Suppose the system has 1024 reserved 2 MB pages in socket 0 and 1024 in socket 1. If the user requests 128 MB of memory, the 64 pages may not match the constraints:

  • The hugepage memory by be given to the application by the kernel in socket 1 only. In this case, if the application attempts to create an object, such as a ring or memory pool in socket 0, it fails. To avoid this issue, it is recommended that the --socket-mem option be used instead of the -m option.
  • These pages can be located anywhere in physical memory, and, although the DPDK EAL will attempt to allocate memory in contiguous blocks, it is possible that the pages will not be contiguous. In this case, the application is not able to allocate big memory pools.

The socket-mem option can be used to request specific amounts of memory for specific sockets. This is accomplished by supplying the --socket-mem flag followed by amounts of memory requested on each socket, for example, supply --socket-mem=0,512 to try and reserve 512 MB for socket 1 only. Similarly, on a four socket system, to allocate 1 GB memory on each of sockets 0 and 2 only, the parameter --socket-mem=1024,0,1024 can be used. No memory will be reserved on any CPU socket that is not explicitly referenced, for example, socket 3 in this case. If the DPDK cannot allocate enough memory on each socket, the EAL initialization fails.

5.3. Additional Sample Applications

Additional sample applications are included in the ${RTE_SDK}/examples directory. These sample applications may be built and run in a manner similar to that described in earlier sections in this manual. In addition, see the DPDK Sample Applications User Guide for a description of the application, specific instructions on compilation and execution and some explanation of the code.

5.4. Additional Test Applications

In addition, there are two other applications that are built when the libraries are created. The source files for these are in the DPDK/app directory and are called test and testpmd. Once the libraries are created, they can be found in the build/app directory.

  • The test application provides a variety of specific tests for the various functions in the DPDK.
  • The testpmd application provides a number of different packet throughput tests and examples of features such as how to use the Flow Director found in the Intel® 82599 10 Gigabit Ethernet Controller.